Review:Chemical Evolution
Evolution Says....
The Facts Are .....
(1) The classic experiment carried out by Stanley Miller (& Urey) in 1953 where amino acids were synthesized in the laboratory, is now largely regarded as a dead end. Similarly regarded today is Sydney Fox's production of proteinoids, which were circular blobs that he claimed were protocells.
Scientific American, February, 1991 p:100-109
(2) "The problem of the origin of life has turned out to be much more difficult than I, and most other people, envisaged." A statement by Stanley Miller (the researcher who rose to world fame in 1953 by creating amino acids in the laboratory) in Scientific American, February 1991, p:100-109
(3) A study of rocks of all ages shows overwhelmingly that they were formed under the influences of an atmosphere containing oxygen. As this is the case, the early atmosphere definitely contained oxygen. Therefore, the 'primordial soup' could never have happened. Nobel Prize winner Francis Crick acknowledges this fact. New Scientist, Vol. 87, July 10, 1980 p:112; Geology, Vol. 10, March 1982 p:141
(4) "It is suggested that from the time of the earliest dated rocks ..... Earth had an oxygenic atmosphere." Written by Harry Clemmey & Nick Badham in their article "Oxygen in the Precambrian Atmosphere: An Evaluation of the Geological Evidence" in Geology, Vol. 10, March 1982 p:141
(5) The 'first cells' could not have survived the high solar ultraviolet radiation levels that would have existed in an oxygen-less environment, as there would have been no ozone to absorb the rays and shield them. Science News, December 24 & 31, 1988 p:423
(6) "..... in the atmosphere and in the various water basins of the primitive earth, many destructive interactions would have so vastly diminished, if not altogether consumed, essential precursor chemicals, that chemical evolution rates would have been negligible. The soup would have been too dilute for direct polymerization to occur. Even local ponds for concentrating soup ingredients would have met with the same problem." Written by biochemists Charles B. Thaxton, Walter L. Bradley & Roger L. Olsen as a statement that biogenesis (chemical evolution) could not have formed in the way evolutionary theory demands. Written in their book "The Mystery of Life's Origin: Reassessing Current Theories", Philosophical Library: New York, 1984 p:66
(7) The chemical reaction in biogenesis that is supposed to have joined amino acids into peptides is a reversible reaction. This means that the reaction goes backwards and turns the peptides immediately back into amino acids. In the non-living environment both the forward and reverse reaction would have been going on at the same time. If the conditions were such that the reverse reaction went faster, then the effect over a long period of time would be that no amino acids would have formed. A.E.
Wilder-Smith, "The Natural Sciences Know Nothing of Evolution", Master Books: San Diego, 1981 p:9-14
(8) Although amino acids may form in watery conditions, the next step where amino acids spontaneously joining to form peptides, requires dry conditions. Under dry conditions, the subsequent steps to form cells containing a large percentage of water could not proceed. Science News, Vol. 134, 1988 p:117; Nature, August 18, 1988 p:609-611
(9) "The probability that at ordinary temperatures a macroscopic number of molecules is assembled to